Around his head are the four letters "C S C V", which stand for "Commune Saenorum Civitatis Virginis", which explains his identity as the embodiment of the Siena Council. "Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Palazzo Pubblico frescos: Allegory and Effects of Good and Bad Government". Onder Goed Bestuur, in dienst van de gerechtigheid, waken ridders over de vrede en over geketende misdadigers. "This holy virtue [Justice], where she rules, induces to unity the many souls [of citizens], and they, gathered together for such a purpose, make the Common Good [ben comune] their Lord; and he, in order to govern his state, chooses never to turn his eyes from the resplendent faces of the Virtues who sit around him. With Lorenzetti emphasizing the children who would ensure peace, he drove home the importance of following activities to foster peace and not disrupt it. For both of these arguments scholars take their stance from evidence they find within the fresco. It was believed in Lorenzetti's day that there were two manifestations of Venus. The Republic of Siena was one of the most powerful of the 14th-century Italian city-states, an urban hub filled with bankers and merchants with many international contacts. seus próprios Pins no Pinterest. [1] In de hemel, boven het hoofd, staan de goddelijke deugden: Geloof (Fides, met kruis), Liefde (Caritas, met vlammend hart) en Hoop (Spes), die kijkt naar een visioen van Christus in de hemel. This panoramic fresco represents several scenes indicating the life of Siena and its environment in the 14th century. De Allegorie van goed en van slecht bestuur, of L'Allegoria ed Effetti del Buono e del Cattivo Governo, zoals de oorspronkelijke titel in het Italiaans luidt, is een reeks fresco's van Ambrogio Lorenzetti in het Palazzo Pubblico van Siena. "A.Lorenzetti, Buon governo, Landschaft" Picture by AKG Images posters, art prints, canvas prints, greeting cards or gallery prints. Ambrogio Lorenzetti ( Italian pronunciation: [amˈbrɔːdʒo lorenˈtsetti]; c. 1290 – 9 June 1348) or Ambruogio Laurati was an Italian painter of the Sienese school. Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 6 dec 2020 om 12:42. Web Gallery of Art. Links van Goed Bestuur zitten ook kardinale deugden: Grootmoedigheid (Magnanimitas, schaal met munten op haar schoot), Gematigdheid/Geduld (Temperantia, met zandloper) en Rechtvaardigheid (Justitia, voor de tweede maal).[3]. Boven haar, in het midden zit, als teken van ongerechtigheid: Tirannie (een duivel met hoorns en vleermuisvleugels), gekleed in cape met goudstiksel en edelstenen en in zijn hand, als teken van decadentie: een gouden beker. When we look at the scene, we see that the city is in ruin, windows are wide open, houses are being demolished, and businesses are nonexistent, except that of the armourer. Nationality. Effects of Good Government in the Country. Midden tussen Gerechtigheid en Goed Bestuur in zit, op de bank een relaxte Vrede (Pax, met olijftak, draagt een olijfkrans en zit op een harnas). Ambrogio Lorenzetti (ou Ambruogio Laurati; c. 1290 - 9 de Junho, 1348) foi um pintor italiano da Escola Sienesa. Part of that fresco is Peaceful City. Rond zijn hoofd staan de letters CSCV (‘’Commune Saenorum Civitatis Virginis’’, gemeente Siena, stad van de maagd). With these depictions of the labors following with the seasons and planets, Lorenzetti creates the idea that peace is in part possible due to the citizens following in accordance to the planets and seasons. The labors belonging to spring and summer are very clear; “fishing and tending to the vines (March), cultivation of the soil and planting (April), riding (May), ploughing and stock rising (June), cereal harvesting (July), threshing (August), and hunting (September)”. Retrieved 28 January 2018. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 62:1-28 (1999) Abstract This article has no associated abstract. Dentro la pittura. U bepaalt de grootte helemaal zelf In the foreground the figures of contemporary Siena are represented. In Effetti del Buon Governo in città, Lorenzetti rappresenta molti dettagli nelle figure e nelle architetture. Il Buon Governo La Pace (particolare) 25. Therefore to him in triumph are offered taxes, tributes, and lordship of towns; therefore, without war, every civic result duly follows—useful necessary, and pleasurable". [11] The labors of winter and fall are also found, but they do not follow the normal conventions of the time for depicting these labors. Canvas schilderijen beschikbaar op Bimago.nl - original designs on canvas. Tweedracht is gekleed in de kleuren van Siena en zaagt haar eigen been door. Hij wordt beschouwd als een van de belangrijkste meesters van de Siënese school.. Biografie. The citizens act as symbolic representations of the various civic officers and magistrates. One hypothesis that has been formulated is that the skewed perspective comes from the fact that the mural derives its perspective from a center directly in front of the figure of Tyranny on the opposite wall. Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Effetti del Buon Governo in campagna, 1338-1339, Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena : Effects of Good Government on the City Life (detail), fresco in the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena . February 16, 2011. De Allegorie van goed en van slecht bestuur, of L'Allegoria ed Effetti del Buono e del Cattivo Governo, zoals de oorspronkelijke titel in het Italiaans luidt, is een reeks fresco 's van Ambrogio Lorenzetti in het Palazzo Pubblico van Siena. Gli affreschi hanno un chiaro effetto didascalico, confrontando l'allegoria del Buon Governo (sulla parete di fondo) con quella del Cattivo Governo (sulla parete laterale sinistra), entrambe popolate da personaggi allegorici facilmente identificabili grazie alle didascalie. This painting provides the first accurate panoramic view of city and country (landscape) since antiquity; viewers can identify the city of Siena, as opposed to ambiguous settings found in other works of the time. Rechts van de stad, buiten de stadsmuren, is het platteland afgebeeld. On the far left of the fresco the figure of Justice is repeated as she is balancing the scales held by Wisdom. "Ambrogio Lorenzetti's "War and Peace" Murals Revisited; Contributions to the Meaning of the "Good Government Allegory"" Artibus Et Historiae 23.45 (2002): 63-105. The cityscape and the figures’ scale, as well as the perspective, do not seem to follow a rational scheme. The city is filled with clustered palaces, markets, towers, churches, streets and walls. Saturn's children are represented by ploughmen, diggers and threshers, and excludes his other children, such as cripples. The long title of the painting is 'The Allegory of Good and Bad Government in the City and the Countryside' and it is exactly that - namely an accurate depiction of daily life in medieval Siena. Fine Art Reproduction, Canvas on Stretcher, Framed Picture, Glass Print and Wall Paper. De gevolgen van goed bestuur zien we rechts in de zaal: De hier geschetste stad, Siena in de 14e eeuw met zijn karakteristieke gebouwen, getuigt van wijsheid, moed, rechtvaardigheid en bezonnenheid. Allegory of good government, Allegory of bad government. ^ Beth Harris; Steven Zucker (9 December 2015). series title. 268-269, Allegoria ed effetti del Buono e del Cattivo Governo, Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen, Khan academy: Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Palazzo Pubblico frescos: Allegory and effect of good and bad government, https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allegorie_van_goed_en_van_slecht_bestuur&oldid=57693259, Dit artikel of een eerdere versie ervan is een (gedeeltelijke) vertaling van het artikel. Wisdom sits above the head of the personification of the Commune of Siena. Allegoria ed effetti del Buono e del Cattivo Governo zo un oberenn italian eus ar Grennamzer, anezhi murlivadurioù gant al livour italian Ambrogio Lorenzetti (1290-1348), a weler ouzh mogerioù ar Sala dei Nove (sal an Nav) pe Sala della Pace (sal ar Peoc'h) er Palazzo Pubblico, ti-kêr Siena.. Istor. De fresco's moesten het werk inspireren van de stadsbestuurders die in deze zaal bijeenkwamen. 308-309, ’’Symbolen en allegorieën’’, pag. Whereas some scholars strongly believe that the city depicted is supposed to represent Siena, others believe that it is supposed to be more of metaphor for the city. [17] Other scholars look to the gate, as well as other buildings, pointing out the severe differences and departures between the fresco and reality. Skinner, Quentin. The most beautiful paintings from Ambrogio Lorenzetti collection in the form of canvas art prints will … Ambrogio Lorenzetti : il Buon governo / a cura di Enrico Castelnuovo ; contributi di Maria Monica Donato, Furio Brugnolo. Seu irmão foi o pintor Pietro Lorenzetti. Her children then in turn gain the representation of chastity, matrimonial love, friendship, and sociability, all aspects that flourish during daylight hours. Rechts zetelt slecht bestuur: Gerechtigheid zit onderaan, helemaal ingebonden; de kapotte weegschaal ligt om haar heen. Ambrogio lorenzetti's buon governo frescoes: Two old questions, two new answers. The Allegory of Good and Bad Government is a series of three fresco panels painted by Ambrogio Lorenzetti between February 1338 and May 1339. Considered to be one of the Greatest Paintings Ever. [16], The frescoes of The Effects of Good Government seem to hold one strong point of debate. From toddlers to octogenarians, when in Siena I schlepp everybody to see Ambrogio Lorenzetti's 'Buon Governo'. De gebouwen zien er goed onderhouden uit en edelen gaan te paard in mooie kleding. I still believe-obstinately perhaps-that the line of argument I advanced about the iconography of these paintings is basically correct. There are many shops, indicating good commerce and economic conditions. Invisible Cities: Which (good-bad) man? They could be the sons of Remus, Ascius and Senius, who, according to Roman legend, are the founders of Siena. This fresco shows that if government is virtuous and rules justly, then the city thrives and prospers. This point is made stronger by the fact that half the seasons and plants are shown depicted over the scene of war, reminding the viewer the faulty error of not acting in accordance. Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Allegoria del Buon Governo Postcard in Topics (Themes) > Religious & Spiritual > Christianity Nello stesso periodo, sul territorio italico, furono presenti Cimabue, Giotto, Simone Martini e Duccio di Buoninsegna. When looking at the depictions of the personifications of the other planets along the fresco borders, we see that they are seen placed in both their houses. 313–332. Includes bibliographical references. This page was last edited on 30 July 2020, at 19:06. [4] Er wordt volop gebouwd (boven de school). 10/jun/2016 - Carole di San Martino encontrou este Pin. The word light also had dual meaning, describing “both physical and spiritual illumination”. De burgers zijn kleiner weergegeven dan de Deugden omdat zij aan de deugden onderworpen zijn. The winged allegorical figure of Security hovers above the landscape holding an unfurled scroll promising safety to all who live under the rule of law. In The Allegory of Good Government, the composition is built up from three horizontal bands. Silvestri, Paolo, "After-word. Helemaal links gaan krijgers ten strijde op het platteland. He sits upon a throne and holds an orb and scepter, symbolizing temporal power. The 14th century was a turbulent time for politics in the Italian cities due to constant violent party struggles; governments were overthrown, and governments were reinstated. Controleer de canvasdruk: Il buon governo en andere schilderijen en canvasafdrukken in onze online shop. Polzer, Joseph. Download this stock image: Lorenzetti, Ambrogio. These two sides found their forms in either the legitimate planetary deity, or as the nude goddess born of the sea. Veduta d’ insieme del Buon Governo (1338-39) affresco nella Sala dei Nove, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena 23. 'Goed bestuur' zelf wordt gepersonifieerd in de grote, statige figuur die op de troon zit en de kleuren draagt van Siena (zwart en wit). Further evidence to provide backing to this idea comes with an examination of the science of optics of the time in Siena. [14] The second and more popular hypothesis puts forward is the idea that the perspective is derived from the gaze line of Justice. The whole scene shows the mirror opposite of that of The Effects of Good Government, creating a powerful reminder to the council. Milano : Electa, c1995. imprint. Buy Effetti del Buon Governo in citta Poster Print by Ambrogio Lorenzetti at Walmart.com The only wall that does not have a mural is the southern wall, as this wall contains the only window of the room. This evidence to them points to the fact that Lorenzetti meant to depict an ideal city, one that the comparison to Siena could not be missed, but was not to be mistaken for Siena.[18]. Ambrogio Lorenzetti fu un artista attivo nel periodo Gotico. Ambrogio Lorenzetti (of Ambruogio Laurati) (Siena, ca. The traffic moves peacefully, guild members work at their trades, a wedding procession takes place, and maidens can be seen dancing gracefully. This is further enforced with her modest dress, instead of being depicted nude. ", Greenstein, Jack M. "The Vision of Peace: Meaning and Representation in Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Sala Della Pace Cityscapes.". 639798 . Look how many goods derive from her and how sweet and peaceful is that life of the city where is preserved this virtue who outshines any other. The young women could also represent the Nine Muses of the arts and sciences from Greek mythology. "The Book of Wisdom and Lorenzetti's Fresco in the Palazzo Pubblico at Siena. Ele trabalhou aproximadamente de 1317 até 1348. Ambrogio Lorenzetti: Il Buon Governo: Castelnuovo, Enrico: Amazon.nl Selecteer uw cookievoorkeuren We gebruiken cookies en vergelijkbare tools om uw winkelervaring te verbeteren, onze services aan te bieden, te begrijpen hoe klanten onze services gebruiken zodat we verbeteringen kunnen aanbrengen, en om advertenties weer te geven. U bepaalt de grootte helemaal zelf ", Frugoni, Chiara. He confers with the proper Virtues necessary for a proper and just ruler. De faam van Ambrogio Lorenzettien de denkbeelden van Aristoteles en Thomas van Aquino. The perspective then in the depiction of good government radiates from this center, making use of a more radial perspective. The door from which the council would enter is found on the opposite northern wall. Infine, le figure si relazionano in modo tale da creare … 1. He is dressed in the colors of the Balzana, the black-and-white Sienese coat of arms. [15] When the viewer is placed into the mindset and understanding of a Sienese citizen of the day, it strengthens the argument that the perspective is from that of Justice, as her gaze then creates and illuminates this peaceful scene. Still though scholars look to this as proof that this scene is meant to accurately depict Siena. Il buon governo and other reproductions of famous paintings: in the Ambrogio Lorenzetti collection in bimago you will find a fantastic selection of this artist’s masterpieces. [19] The planets of Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars preside over this scene, as they were the less favorable planets; also included are tyrannical figures such as the Roman Emperor Nero. Encontre (e salve!) Ze zijn gemaakt tussen februari 1338 en mei 1339 en zijn aangebracht bovenaan drie muren in de Zaal van de Raad van Negen, ook wel de Zaal van de Vrede genoemd. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that whereas the other virtues sit in an upright position, looking either into space or discreetly at each other, Justice's line of gaze is directed across to the corner of the room. Smarthistory. When the viewer turns to examine this mural, they are confronted with a devious looking figure adorned with horns and fangs, and appearing to be cross-eyed. The streets are deserted, and the country side shows two armies advancing towards each other. [2] Rechts van Goed Bestuur zitten de kardinale deugden: Sterkte (Fortitudo) en Voorzichtigheid (Prudentia, wijst naar de 3 lampen van verleden, heden en toekomst). This inscription is very small, indeed the depiction of the port itself is small. Upon closer analysis it is clear that Lorenzetti depicted the children that would help ensure peace, versus those that would be disruptive of it. The landscape is particularized, and with characteristics that indicate a specific place and environment. This is in part to the fact that Lorenzetti presented the scene in such a manner that the viewer must read it right to left, automatically creating a sense of discomfort. Republic of Siena. Ambrogio Lorenzettiwas een schilder van … Aan de weegschaal hangen, in balans, 2 schalen met een engel: de één beloont, de ander straft. When we look at the scene of the city itself, it appears to be very jarring; nothing fits as it should be. Inoltre, le architetture gotiche e romaniche sono attentamente descritte. There have been two hypothesizes put forward to explain this departure from a more traditional use of perspective. Quentin Skinner. Order now at low prices! Hij werd geboren in Siena en overleed daar in 1348 aan de pest. Known for. She guards and defends those who honor her, and nourishes and feeds them. Allégorie et effets du Bon et du Mauvais Gouvernement (en italien Allegoria ed Effetti del Buono e Cattivo Governo) est un ensemble de fresques d'Ambrogio Lorenzetti placées sur les murs de la Sala dei Nove (la salle des Neuf) ou Sala della Pace (salle de la Paix) du Palazzo Pubblico de Sienne. The figures are naturalistic, and supposedly the female figures represented the ideal of female beauty in Siena. Tirannie wordt geflankeerd door Wreedheid, Bedrog en Woede links van hem, en rechts: Tweedracht (met de zaag) en Oorlog (met het schild). Ambachtslieden zijn volop aan het werk, kooplieden bieden hun waren aan, boeren brengen, op ezels, hun waren naar de markt en meisjes dansen op straat. ", in P. Heritier, P. Silvestri (eds. Links zit de Gerechtigheid (Vrouwe Justitia), met boven haar hoofd de weegschaal, vastgehouden door de Wijsheid (Sapientia). They argue that these are depictions of actual standing Sienese buildings. De fresco’s, met een totale omvang van 296 x 1398 cm[1], vormen een van de omvangrijkste en belangrijkste christen-politieke muurschilderingen uit de middeleeuwen. On the eastern wall, Lorenzetti depicted the scenes of the Effects of Good Government, while on the western wall, opposite the fresco displaying The Effects of Good Government lays the depiction of The Effects of Bad Government. Dancers were common for springtime rituals; they also act as a metaphor for peaceful commonwealth in this painting. Boven hem zitten, als tegenhangers van Geloof, Hoop en Liefde: Hebzucht (Avaritia, met een kist met goud), Hoogmoed (Superbia, met zwaard en lelie) en IJdelheid (Vanitas, met spiegel en tak van vergane glorie).[5]. isbn. The fresco then blends effortlessly into Peaceful Country. Il Malgoverno 26. Il buon governo and other reproductions of famous paintings: in the Ambrogio Lorenzetti collection in bimago you will find a huge selection of this artist’s masterpieces. But I now consider2 that more attention needs to be paid to the two most notorious puzzles raised by Lorenzetti's masterpiece, especially as both of them Notable work. Luigi Einaudi's Legacy and Contemporary Society, Leo Olschki, Firenze, 2012, pp. That character is guided by Faith, Hope, and Charity. ART APPRECIATION For analysis of paintings by Sienese painters like Ambrogio Lorenzetti, see our educational articles: Art Evaluation and How to Appreciate Paintings. (fix it) Keywords No keywords specified (fix it) Categories History of Western Philosophy (categorize this paper) 8843548670. catalogue key. In The Effects of Good Government, Lorenzetti shows the citizens completing the different labors for each of these months. 3-dic-2014 - Questo Pin è stato scoperto da Rhonda Root. Anche le posizioni dei personaggi risultano sciolte e naturali. Triptychs en andere soorten canvas art prints gemaakt door print techniek op professionele canvas. <, Kren, Emil, and Marx, Daniel. The paintings are located in Siena's Palazzo Pubblico—specifically in the Sala dei Nove ("Salon of Nine"), the council hall of the Republic of Siena's nine executive magistrates,[2] elected officials who performed executive functions (and judicial ones in secular matters). Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Allegoria del Buon Governo (Allegorie van Goed Bestuur)(1338-1339), Sala dei Nove, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena. Below the tyrant the captive figure of Justice lies bound, while the figures of Cruelty, Deceit, Fraud, Fury, Division, and War flank him, and above him float the figures of Avarice, Pride, and Vainglory. Er zijn villa's, kastelen, goede oogsten, goede infrastructuur (wegen en de brug rechtsonder), men is vrij om te reizen zonder bang te hoeven zijn. Some scholars take the depiction of the bell tower and the cathedral with its dome to show that this is indeed Siena. The movement of their dancing mimics the arm movements of Venus, and this in combination with their larger scale, creates and draw emphasis to the resounding message that peace in the city must be found in conjecture with the movements of the Heavens. Others yet look to the right of the countryside depiction to the small scene of the port, which includes the name "Telamon". Lorenzetti: Il buon governo. Seu trabalho mostra a influência de Simone Martini e Duccio, embora mais naturalista. [3] De burgers zijn onderling verbonden met een touw dat begint bij de rechter engel van Gerechtigheid en via Harmonie naar het Goede Bestuur (koning) loopt. MARC View. [10] Above the mural depicting The Effects of Good Government, these medallions follow the natural order of the seasons and alignment of the planets. E' essenziale il ruolo della Giustizia, rappresentata due volte, una insieme alla Magnanimità e Temperanza, l'altra, incoronata in trono all'estrema sinistra con la Sapienza e la Concordia EFFETTI DEL BUON GOVERNO di AMBROGIO LORENZETTI A. LORENZETTI, Allegoria del Buon Governo, The children of Mars, which all depend on the use of weapons, are represented by knights and guards. Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Palazzo Pubblico frescos: "Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Palazzo Pubblico frescos: "Prelude to the Renaissance: Florence and Siena in the 14th century", "Sienese Followers of Duccio: Amrogio and Pietro Lorenzetti", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, "Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Palazzo Pubblico frescos: Allegory and Effect of Good and Bad Government", http://www.turismo.intoscana.it/allthingstuscany/tuscanyarts/allegory-good-bad-government-siena/, http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/arth213/lorenzetti.html, http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/l/lorenzet/ambrogio/governme/1good1.html, https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/59535.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Allegory_of_Good_and_Bad_Government&oldid=970343057, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Allegorical depictions of good and bad government, “The Allegory of Good and Bad Government in Siena.”, “Sienese Followers of Duccio: Ambrogio and Pietro Lorenzetti.” February 26, 2011. De eerste fresco hiernaast bevindt zich in het midden van de zaal. Italiano: Si tratta di una serie di affreschi realizzati da Lorenzetti, contemporaneo al periodo del Governo dei Nove.L'autore voleva dare una rappresentazione del governo e delle conseguenze positive dello stesso nella società, e nella vita nella città di Siena. Allegory of Good and Bad Government (1338-9) Fresco cycle of six paintings in the Siena Town Hall Free 2-day shipping on qualified orders over $35. With this careful choice, Lorenzetti legitimizes her side as a planetary goddess. De allegorie is gebaseerd op het principe van Aristoteles van gerechtigheid en algemeen welzijn en verbeeldt: ‘’ ‘goed’ en ‘slecht’ bestuur en de gevolgen daarvan in de stad en op het platteland.’’. The murals occupy an extensive amount of space, covering three of the four walls of the Council Room. The text within the lower border of the image reads: De Poster Corp Ambrogio Lorenzetti – Effetti del Buon Governo in citta Fine Art Print (60,96 x 121,92 cm): Amazon.nl Er heerst terreur en angst. Slecht bestuur en de gevolgen daarvan zijn uitgebeeld op de linker muur. At the feet of the ruler are two playing children. The wall on which the fresco of The Effects of Bad Government is depicted used to be an exterior wall, so has suffered much moisture damage in the past. Find more Picture art prints and posters in the ARTFLAKES shop. The word for vision meant both to see and the image that the mind created. Le forme sono definite, poi, da una linea di contorno. Ambrogio Lorenzetti schilderde in de Sala dei Nove van het Palazzo Pubblico in het Italiaanse Siena een beroemde allegorische voorstelling. The transition is made by an entourage passing through the city gate and out to the countryside beyond city walls. by Ambrogio Lorenzetti. It is believed that they are the representation of Venus's children. 178-183, ’’Symbolen en allegorieën’’, pag. 357-359, ’’Symboliek In De Renaissance’’, pag. For the children of Venus, Lorenzetti chose to show a bride, weavers, and dancers, instead of depicting her more carnal children. Overlooking both these murals, the personifications of the allegorical depictions of the virtues of good government are found on the northern wall. It is also hypothesized that with the depictions of citizens in different labors, Lorenzetti shows the allegorical manifestations of the children of the different planets. "A.Lorenzetti, Buon governo, Reigentanz" Picture by AKG Images posters, art prints, canvas prints, greeting cards or gallery prints. Lorenzetti's The Effects of Bad Government fresco has not been written on as extensively as The Effects of Good Government, partly due to the worse condition of this fresco. Effeti del buon governo in città - J0B49P from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. The upper band indicates the heavenly sphere with the floating bodiless ghosts of the virtues. All of these aspects are reminiscent of town scenes found on ancient Roman murals.

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